Globalization Has Eroded the Ability of Highly Educated Young Adults to Form Long-term Family Bonds.

Main Body

Chapter fourteen. Dorsum to the Big Motion-picture show: Globalization and Trends

Geoffrey Bird and Eugene Thomlinson

• Identify the impacts and benefits globalization has on the tourism manufacture, besides as tourism's influence on globalization
• Use the PEEST model to describe political, economic, ecology, social, and technological trends affecting global tourism and travel
• Ascertain primal terms related to globalization
• Talk over the advantages and disadvantages of the coaction of globalization and tourism

Overview

Figure 14.ane  Around the globe

In today's integrated and interdependent earth, multiple forces stand for both opportunities and threats to tourism. This affiliate explores the topic of globalization and how it relates to tourism, and then examines trends (political, economic, environmental, societal, and technological influences). The chapter closes with a reflection on what all this means for tourism in British Columbia.

Globalization and the Tourism Manufacture

Depending on the focus of the give-and-take, globalization tin can be defined in several ways. One broad definition is:

A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economical, cultural, political and technological exchanges and connections. (Campbell, MacKinnon, & Stevens, 2011, p.iv)

Globalization can besides be merely described as the move of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world. The term was get-go used in the early 1950s to recognize the increasing interdependence of economies and societies around the earth. Globalization, however, has existed for centuries by way of evolving trade routes, including the slave trade, colonization, and immigration.

Figure 14.2 Cheerio floating market in Thailand

Today, we are divided into split countries, each looking out for its ain national self-involvement. At the aforementioned time, other entities such as multinational corporations cantankerous borders, which leads to global economic and political integration. Many benefits can result from global integration and interdependence, but we also need to listen its negative effects.

We can wait at the relationship betwixt globalization and tourism in several ways. For the purposes of this chapter, we will consider the impact of tourism and travel on globalization, and the affect of globalization on tourism. But first, allow's keep in mind why it is important for a local tour operator, full general manager, or tourism concern owner to think about globalization. More importantly, permit's consider where we should be looking to understand globalization and future trends. The residuum of this chapter will accost these topics.

The Bear upon of Globalization on Tourism

Nosotros can assess the impact of globalization on tourism from a number of perspectives. Here, we will talk over five examples: global mobility and ease of travel; population and demographic trends; terrorism, safety, and security; increased awareness of new destinations; and poverty.

Global Mobility and Ease of Travel

The advances fabricated in transportation that have enabled global mobility are specially significant. Modernistic aircraft, cruise ships, trains, and other modes of transport permit people to move quickly and relatively cheaply. Aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner have opened new routes by creating an aircraft capable of flying "long haul" distances with a larger passenger load. Fast trains, road systems, and fifty-fifty city bike rental programs enable people to motion, bout, and explore the earth. These changes have allowed more than people to travel more oftentimes in less time.

Effigy 14.3 The Vancouver International Airport official opening in 1931

Ease of travel has also helped to overcome the barriers of fright, frustration, and expense. For example, an international banking arrangement allows access to money almost anywhere in the earth. Multinational corporations, which provide flights, local transportation, and accommodation and food, have immune for "i-terminate shopping" for travel bookings. Handheld devices accept likewise changed the nature of travel in terms of what travellers practise and how they interact with a destination, making it easier to, for instance, select a eating place, navigate a big city, or translate a foreign language. As a result, there are fewer unexplored places in the world anymore.

Population and Demographic Trends

According to the United nations Population Fund (2015), the world population reached seven billion in 2011 and is projected to exceed ix billion by 2050. The population continues to increase, but not uniformly beyond the world. Birth and death rates are vastly unlike between developed and developing nations (Population Reference Agency, 2013). In the developed globe, there are more older citizens (over 60 years sometime) than in that location are children (under fourteen). This ratio, which first tilted in favour of older people in the late 1990s, is increasing (Business Insider, 2014). In contrast, in the developing world, this is non expected to occur until the center of this century. This demographic divide is expected to widen between the richer and poorer countries of the world in the most time to come before possibly trending together in twoscore or 50 years.

Other critical population trends affecting global development and tourism include the following (UNPF, 2015; World Tourism System, 2010; York, 2014):

• There are approximately 1.8 billion immature people in the world (between x and 24 years), which is the largest that this grouping has ever been. They take tremendous opportunity for economic and social progress, resulting in a "youth dividend" for countries that embrace this demographic and their youthful vitality. This grouping is too travelling more than always before in history.
• By the end of this century, approximately twoscore% of the world's population is expected to exist African. While birth rates are disposed to autumn around the world, they are still higher across Africa than in most other parts of the globe. This could consequence in a youth dividend or further exacerbate bug on the African continent.
• More than people are migrating than ever before, with 232 one thousand thousand recent migrants compared with virtually 175 million in 2000. The summit five destinations are the United states of america, the Russia, Germany, Saudi arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
• More than than half of the global population is urban, and the urbanization trend is expected to continue every bit people search for more jobs, more than services, and more than activities. Not everyone benefits equally though, as housing and other infrastructure struggles to keep up with the growing urban population.

To keep up with all of these changes in demographics, destinations will need to provide products and services to conform the older, culturally diverse, multi-generational travellers besides as the adventurous youth. Additionally, hiring and retaining staff volition require a rethinking of human resource policies and procedures, bounty, and other aspects for the changing population of employees.

Terrorism, Safety, and Security

Terrorist attacks and political unrest globally have certainly disrupted tourism, but not halted information technology. The areas most afflicted, of course, are those where unrest has occurred and has been the focus of extensive media attending. A global terrorism index produced by the Vision of Humanity organization shows a fivefold increase in terrorist fatalities since 9/eleven (MacAskill, 2014). The Islamic State (ISIS), Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaida are groups responsible for many of the 18,000 terrorism-related deaths in 2013, which represented an increase of 60% over the previous year.

While safety and security may non be the driving reasons for tourists selecting a particular destination, certainly a lack of safety and security often eliminates a location from travellers' "wish lists."

Safety and security for travellers is becoming more than of import as countries motility to protect their citizens. Regime agencies around the globe produce advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous locations and political unrest.

Accept a Closer Look: Travel Advisories

Travel advisories serve equally warning systems for people from specific countries to avoid detail destinations because of actual or potential threats to citizens. To learn more about advisories for specific countries, see the Canadian government page at Canada's Travel Advisories (http://travel.gc.ca/travelling/advisories) and compare them to Australia'due south Travel Advisories (http://www.smartraveller.gov.au), the United States' Travel Advisories (http://travel.country.gov/content/passports/english/alertswarnings.html), and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland'due south Travel Advisories (https://www.gov.uk/strange-travel-advice).

The focus on safety and security has had several impacts on travellers. Most notably, security at most airports has been increased in an endeavor to protect people and planes (Flight Global, 2015). Screening procedures can take longer and some items are no longer allowed on lath. Other security requirements, such as showing passports and providing fingerprints, have been implemented for entry into some countries. While all acts of terrorism cannot be stopped, the tourism industry is attempting to provide equally much prophylactic and security as it tin.

Increased Sensation of New Destinations

Another influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness of destinations and the range of leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit around the globe. Generating knowledge of a destination is obviously a key kickoff step in marketing a destination, and this is achieved by manner of travel shows, films, blogs, and other forms of communication. The competition to concenter visitors is fierce considering the sheer number of places bachelor for travel; it can exist easy to get lost in the noise of global contest.

Poverty

Figure 14.iv This image of a kid playing in the streets of Guatemala was captured by a visitor.

Globalization has contributed to increased demand for appurtenances and services and overall economic growth, with the event of global poverty having decreased over the years. Notwithstanding, at the same time, the gap between the richest and poorest has expanded. A significant portion of the earth's population is but unable to participate in, or benefit from, tourism. The economic gains from a tourism economy in a developing country such every bit Honduras versus a adult country such as Canada is unequal. Simply put, non anybody  has the aforementioned opportunities to profit. Environmental costs are also unevenly distributed in the globe, with poor countries defective the resources to suit to impacts (such as droughts, increased affliction, soil erosion), and shouldering the majority of the repercussions of phenomena such equally global warming.

Another way to clarify the interplay between tourism and globalization is to consider the reverse view: the impact of tourism on globalization.

Impact of Tourism on Globalization

In this section, we will look at tourism as a global forcefulness — for peace, for cultural homogenization, for commodifying cultures, and for shaping the way we come across the world.

Tourism every bit a Force for Peace

In the 1980s, a pop hypothesis was that tourism supported global peace by allowing travellers to larn about other cultures and meet people from other nations, equally well as offer benefits accrued from international business. Peace is an obvious requirement for tourism if the industry is to be robust and sustainable. Even so, to date, at that place is petty empirical evidence to support the claim that tourism fosters peace, however attractive every bit the idea may be.

Tourism as Cultural Homogenizer

Figure 14.5 A "Patriotic Kick Line" on a prowl from Alaska to Vancouver

Notwithstanding, tourism does offer the opportunity to teach people most how to respect other cultures. Some argue that globalization has a homogenizing issue on cultures, equally Western values are spread through music, mode, pic, and food, rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next.

Some beliefs and values, such as embracing equality and diverseness, or the need to protect children from harm, should be shared effectually the world. In the context of tourism and travel, these 2 problems are significant. For instance, companies need to ensure that their homo resource practices are consequent and fair throughout the world. Exploiting children for sex is illegal, punishable in both the country visited and the home country of the tourist; some airlines and hotels are actively involved in supporting the prohibition of child sex tourism. Travellers are expected not to deface heritage sites or have rare or endangered natural or cultural objects equally souvenirs. Such regulations speak to the universality of certain values and beliefs, which we all are required to follow as global citizens.

Tourism as Commodifier

Figure 14.6 Dancers at Germaine'south Luau near Honolulu, Hawaii

Another possible influence of tourism on globalization is the process of cultural commodification, which refers to the drive toward putting a monetary value on every aspect of culture, from buying a sculpture stolen from an ancient temple, to ownership endangered objects such as ivory and coral. This trend results in the degradation or devaluing of cultural values and beliefs and was explored in Chapter 12 on aboriginal tourism.

As one of the earth'south largest industries, tourism impacts local, regional, and global economies. Resorts dot coastlines around the world and offer a welcome respite from colder climates to anyone wishing to experience a tropical beach, as well equally the local culture and nature. While benefit comes to the community in the form of jobs, more often than not the larger share of the wealth leaks offshore. In response, local entrepreneurs and aid organizations take helped with initiatives that comprehend local buying in gild for the wealth generated from tourism to stay in country. Customs-based tourism, responsible tourism, and social entrepreneurship all aim to bring greater do good to local communities.

Tourism As a Earth View

Tourism is also a major influence in how we run across and sympathise the world. Keith Hollinshead (2006) refers to information technology as tourism globe-making, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and/or presented to tourists. Dissimilar local people, travellers experience a place for a few days, with express knowledge of the culture and local way of life. Some visitors rely on available tourist data to make the virtually of the experience and to see the highlights. Others turn abroad and endeavour to "get local" in search of the accurate feel with the belief that they tin truly understand a place past avoiding the tourist sites.

Figure xiv.vii. An elephant is done at Maesa Elehant Campsite in Thailand in preparation for a show for visitors

If tourists stay in their resort in a given land, their but interaction with a local culture may exist the staff at the hotel. In many cases, visitors experience a identify in a fragmented, disconnected mode, seeing merely a portion of a place. How much tin can be gained from such short and transient experiences? This fence leads to 1 of the often discussed, if not hotly debated, topics in tourism, that of authenticity of experience. In 1976, Dean MacCannell released his bookThe Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Form, in which he argued that even those events that seem to be accurate are in some mode staged for the visitor (Drumond, 2013).

Take a Closer Await: Cannibal Tours

In 1988, Dean O'Rourke shot a documentary profiling the experiences of jet-set travellers as they encountered locals in Papua New Republic of guinea. The movie highlights the challenges that happen when visitors see with "the other," in that their expectations shape the behaviours of the locals. The movie features interviews with the locals as well every bit tourists. To watch the movie, visitCannibal Tours: https://www.youtube.com/lookout?v=KUQ_8wl93HM

Now let'due south await at some predominant trends in the industry.

Acme Trends

Throughout this textbook, a range of trends have been identified that exemplify some of the forces and influences associated with globalization. This section revisits some of those trends.

Take a Closer Wait: Trends Reports

In the tourism and hospitality industry, and in global business, many minds work to decipher industry trends in club to keep informed and make smart decisions. One instance is theGlobal Competitiveness Report, a production of the World Economic Forum, which can be read here:Global Competitiveness Study, 2014-2015: http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015

The UNWTO produces a World Tourism Barometer that is updated regularly, bachelor on a subscription basis: http://mkt.unwto.org/barometer

Beginning, permit's take a closer look at the difference between trends and fads. While trends and fads may look the same initially, fads will almost always have a definite start and end; they are finite. Examples include tornado tourism (tempest chasing tours) and shack tourism (where affluent people stay in impoverished neighbourhoods), which appear destined to disappear as quickly as they appeared.

In contrast, trends influence things for long periods of time, potentially shifting the focus or direction of industry and society in a completely dissimilar direction. For case, the growing awareness of tourism impacts seems to be a long-term tendency, leading to greater focus on developing sustainable experiences, products, and services for the mindful traveller. With retrospect, we can place the trends versus the fads. Predicting the futurity, withal, is non as like shooting fish in a barrel.

A useful tool to apply in the analysis of global trends isPEEST, an acronym for political, economical, ecology, social, and technological forces that impact the person, arrangement, or destination nether study. Permit's delve into PEEST in more than detail.

Take a Closer Wait: Assay Tools

The more complicated the world gets, the more it'south imperative that business organisation leaders and decision-makers employ a framework for analyzing trends. While this affiliate uses a PEEST arroyo, other acronyms include PEST (omitting the environmental review), or PESTLE  (including legal and environmental reviews). For more data nigh these frameworks, to access templates, and learn to apply them in your own assay, visit PEST Analysis Free Template: www.businessballs.com/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm

Political Trends

While we may be intrigued by global issues and their macro implications on the globe in which we alive, we too need to pay attention to local politics and policies. Let's accept a look at political trends from different scales.

Global Policies

Figure 14.eight The secretary-general of UNWTO visits Greece in 2012

According to the UNWTO written report Policy and Do for Global Tourism, whereas "growth and development were major priorities in the menstruum since the 1950s, the new millennium is characterised by intense destination competition" (2011, p.iii). Traditional Western destinations are under force per unit area to codify policies and create strategies and spending patterns that will enable them to compete with emerging destinations.

Spotlight On: The International Civil Aviation System

The International Ceremonious Aviation Organisation ( ICAO) was created in 1944 with the signing of the Chicago Convention every bit a specialized agency of the United Nations. Information technology works with 191 countries to help develop aviation policies and build capacity in countries with underdeveloped air industries. For more information, visit the International Civil Aviation System website: www.icao.int

Each land is responsible for creating and funding its own organizations responsible for tourism development at the federal, land/provincial, and local level. In the United States, for example, the Part of Travel and Tourism Industries (OTTI) is responsible for actively participating in domestic and international policy creation. One such policy is a memorandum of understanding with Communist china regarding leisure group travel. The OTTI is engaged in international tourism discussions with organizations such equally the OECD and APEC (run into Spotlight On below), and has a representative at UNWTO (OTTI, north.d).

Spotlight On: International Economic Groups

On the international stage, several groups are responsible for developing and setting policy that has an impact on tourism development. Two examples are:

TheOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has 31 member countries that gather to hash out a range of policy bug, with a special committee dedicated to tourism. For more information, visit the Arrangement for Economic Co-functioning and Development website: world wide web.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum also has a Tourism Working Grouping that recognizes the importance of sustainable tourism development for countries in the Asia Pacific Rim region. For more information, visit the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation website: world wide web.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/Tourism.aspx

National Policies

While from a policy perspective, countries such equally New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom have embraced tourism growth through a planned approach, tourism policy in Canada tends to struggle in comparison to the attention given to other sectors such as oil and gas.

A number of organizations, including the Conference Lath of Canada and the Tourism Industry Association of Canada, accept fabricated recommendations for strong government policy support that could aid strengthen the industry. Two key policy reforms suggested include (Deloitte, 2013):

1. Changes to air travel regulations, such every bit increasing air access, phasing out rents paid by airports to the federal government, and transferring aerodrome ownership to local authorities
2. Streamlining the travel visa issuance procedure, using engineering science to make it faster for visitors to obtain visas and continue to pursue visa-related partnerships with other countries

Take a Closer Wait: Passport to Growth — How International Tourist Arrivals Stimulate Canadian Exports

A 2013 report from Deloitte details the ways in which the tourism industry supports overall economic development in Canada. Information technology highlights industry trends and summarizes recommendations made past tourism industry advocates for enhancing the sector. For more than information visit,Passport to Growth [PDF]: http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/press-releases/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf

Spotlight On: The Five State Conference

The Five Country Conference (FCC) is a partnership of the governments of Australia, Canada, the New Zealand, Great britain, and the U.s.a.. Their goal is to piece of work together to restrict the travel of individuals who pose security and immigration risks, and at the aforementioned time increase the efficiency and customer service for other travellers. For more information, visit www.fivecountryconference.org

The trend here may be the ongoing need to convince and anteroom governments at all levels of the potential of tourism and the value of strategic planning and investment in tourism. It is perhaps not surprising that the tourism and hospitality sector, with such various organizations involved, struggles to observe a single voice at times. This leads to a bike where the sector rallies effectually initiatives such as Expo 86 and the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, and then experiences a period of fragmentation.

Figure xiv.ix BC businesses, including this pub, rallied around the bid to bring the 2010 Olympic Wintertime Games to Vancouver

Ecology Trends

The United nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change has produced irrefutable bear witness that climate change is human-made. We are already witnessing meaning shifts in weather patterns, and climatic events such as tornadoes, drought, and flooding are occurring with greater frequency and impact. Withal dependence on a global economy fuelled past population growth and ever-increasing demand for consumer goods has led to pregnant debate as to how to respond to climate change, although action is clearly required.

Ecology Impacts

From a tourism and travel perspective, we accept seen examples throughout the capacity of this textbook of how climate change is impacting tourism. In the transportation sector, drastic temperature changes from sudden ice thaws to heatwave weather condition affect highways and runways, landslides close road systems, and rising body of water levels threaten infrastructure such as airports and cruise ship wharves. In the accommodations sector, coastal storms bear upon resorts, summertime water shortages put pressure level on resort communities, and unpredictable snowfalls close ski resorts. Food and drink operators are facing increased food costs as drought conditions make growing sure crops more and more expensive. In the recreation and entertainment sector, both natural and built attractions are threatened past unpredictable weather patterns. And travel services providers struggle to stay beside of the effects of superstorms and polar vortexes.

The question here is the extent to which we tin globally respond to these impacts by adapting and mitigating climate alter to foster more than resilient forms of economic growth, of which tourism is a part. Does this mean less air travel?  Possibly. The challenge for tourism is that our economic interdependence requires far-reaching transportation routes, be it by air, sea, or state.

Economic Trends

Like about other industrial sectors, tourism is afflicted by global economic trends. Tourism was initially negatively impacted subsequently the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, with international tourism arrivals dropping globally (Papatheodorou, Rossello, & Xiao, 2010).  All the same, the industry was quick to rebound, with the number of travellers increasing by 2010, surpassing the ane billion mark in 2012 (UNWTO, 2014).

Figure 14.ten A oversupply gathers at an airport that now serves every bit a museum

Economical uncertainties for the tourism industry have persisted, however, leading many industry insiders to monitor several economic trends, including collaborative consumption, shifts in emerging economies, and conscious consumerism.

Collaborative Consumption

Although the miracle of collaborative consumption, too known as the sharing economy, began before the global fiscal crisis, it gained strength as a upshot of it. Collaborative consumption is a blend of economy, applied science, and a social motility where access to appurtenances and skills is more important than buying (Sacks, 2011).

Airbnb was 1 of the beginning, and arguably most well known, examples of the tourism sharing marketplace, but several other companies have joined it, including Zipcar, Uber, and Couchsurfing.  According to Nielsen (2014a), more than two-thirds of global respondents to a poll are interested in joining this revolution. The impacts on the tourism industry are even so to be determined, although young travellers, budget-conscious families, and tourists seeking authentic local experiences seem to be fatigued to these services (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2014). This is 1 tendency that is probable to persist for some time into the time to come.

Emerging Economies

In 2001, a new acronym was introduced into the economic world —BRIC. This refers to the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and Communist china (Northam, 2014).  These turbo-charged emerging economies were growing fast and looking to be the new powerhouses in global economical circles, fifty-fifty forming political and economic alliances. Due south Africa joined the grouping in 2010 and they became known as the BRICS.

With this growth came travellers looking for new destinations to visit. Outbound tourism development from China has been especially energetic, with numbers increasing from 58 million in 2010 to almost 100 one thousand thousand in 2013 (Flannery, 2014). Simply all has not gone well for these emerging economies and simply Prc has maintained the stride of expansion. Other countries accept since joined the race, creating another new acronym —MINTS — for the countries of Mexico, Republic of indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South korea. Time will tell where new tourism growth and opportunities arise in the frenetic global economy, and who will exist the next powerhouse to watch.

Conscious Consumerism

Witting consumerism, or socially conscious consumer behaviour, is another economic trend with implications for the tourism manufacture. This term refers to consumers who are using their purchasing power to shape the world co-ordinate to their values and beliefs, leading organizations to project a more upstanding or responsible prototype (Government of Canada, 2012).

This socially and environmentally responsible purchasing past many consumers (Freestone & McGoldrick, 2008) can direct travellers to more sustainable services and products. Destinations and businesses interested in pursuing this market demand to be acutely aware of social and environmental problems, potentially ranging from organic produce and brute welfare to human rights (Shaw, Grehan, Shiu, Hassan, & Thomson, 2005).  Some of the central principles for consideration by the tourism industry include an assumption that the traditional industrial model is not working and needs to be replaced, that awareness of the issues require a dissimilar mindset, and that alter will come up from the grassroots rather than from higher up (Pollack, 2012). This is a shift that has profitability and culture change firmly in its sights (Nielsen, 2014b).

Cultural and Social Trends

Defining culture as "a fashion of life" brings us to consider the implications of globalization as a defining influence in how we live and, therefore, who nosotros are every bit individuals. Some argue that globalization has created a civilization crisis, with values, beliefs, and identity all made secondary to economical interests and the pervasive and ever-growing nature of technology in our lives. Below are three cultural trends, followed by two societal trends.

The Tourist Experience as the Skilful Life

Some people are motivated to travel equally a form of escape from the pressures of the globally interconnected earth. Unplugging, where a hotel or resort offers no technological access in the course of Wi-Fi, television, or phones, is certainly ane way to get people to ho-hum down and, perchance ironically, reconnect with themselves and loved ones. Biking, walking, small sailboat cruises, rural tourism, as well every bit the slow food movement are examples of experiences that simplify life in order to better capeesh and enjoy it.

Travel as a Time to Bond

Figure 14.xi A group of visiting athletes at the 2011 Western Canada Summer Games in Kamloops

Visiting friends and relatives, known in the industry merely as VFR, is a common and important subset of tourism demand worldwide. With their busy lives, people are seeking a moment, place, and action to share with family or friends. In improver to the growing VFR tendency is the increasing popularity of group travel, as exemplified in the sports tourism sector (see Chapter 6 on entertainment) with sports clubs and teams who travel together, and associations that bring together people with shared interests in cuisine, walking, birdwatching, or other avocations.

Global Migration

Certainly a trend in globalization is the meaning movement of people effectually the world. For British Columbia, immigrants (35,160) and non-permanent residents (11,949) represented the principal source of population growth in 2014, forth with only over 10,000 people from other provinces (BC Stats 2015). The population of British Columbia every bit of January i, 2015, was estimated at 4.6 one thousand thousand of which virtually 25% are a visible minority (BC Stats 2015). The largest groups are Chinese (10.0%), Due south Asian (6.four%), Filipino (2.two%), and Korean (one.two%) (British Columbia Ministry of Attorney General, 2008).

Implications for the tourism industry include a growing need to address the challenges of a multicultural workforce, including preconceptions related to customer service and management. It's of import for various teams to be able to work well together and to communicate well with visitors and guests.

Technology

Figure 14.12. Republic of ireland's Tourism Government minister (correct) launches apps for travellers in 2011

For many years, applied science has been strongly tied to tourism as the industry has looked to take reward of developments and changes, opening destinations and providing new products and services. From the early on days of Thomas Cook's get-go recognized tours, offer train rides to the seaside, to the adoption of mobile applied science today, tourism and hospitality has incorporated technological advances into all aspects of the industry. Two central technology trends affecting tourism and hospitality today and into the foreseeable hereafter are mobile applied science and admission.

Wireless Ways

Mobile technology and wireless connections bear upon many aspects of the tourism industry on a global scale. Mobile engineering allows people increased freedom to negotiate their day-to-day lives while staying connected (Dickinson, Ghali, Cherrett, Speed, Davies, & Norgate, 2014).  Online user-generated content, whether through social media (east.g., Facebook, Snapchat) or travel-rating sites (e.g., TripAdvisor, Zagat), is shaping where people go, where they stay and swallow, and the types of activities they appoint in.

Smartphones and applications (or apps) provide access to data and the ability for tourists to shape their travel en route, affecting tourism travel decisions and behaviours in a more than fluid way than ever before (Kramer, Modsching, Hagen, & Gretzel, 2007; Wang, Park, & Fesenmaier, 2011). Travellers can book hotels instantly, searching for the best deals available. Mobile apps are replacing the hotel concierge past providing up-to-date information, along with maps and directions, for many of the desired activities at destinations.

Wireless technology has also given ascent to location-based advertizing, allowing product or service providers to market themselves when travellers are in the general area (Hopken, Fuchs, Zanker, & Beer, 2010). Allure alerts and special offers, often triggered past applications, provoke the user'due south attention to elicit an immediate response.

Net access has become a standard requirement for accommodations, ahead of other civilities such as in-house restaurants or pools. The importance of mobile technology and applications is expected to increase every bit travellers become more than contained and less reliant on packaged options (Buhalis & Law, 2008). Proponents of technology suggest that traditional ways of providing tourism and hospitality information volition disappear equally mobile technology becomes even more than prevalent (Dickinson et al., 2014).

Advancing Access

Technological advances in transportation are affecting not but how people travel to and within destinations, but also the impacts that those forms of transportation are having on the surroundings. Transportation is ane of the largest consumers of fossil fuels, and tourism is one of the biggest contributors to that consumption (Conrady, 2012); consequently the tourism industry is taking steps to improve sustainability and reduce impacts. For example, newer planes, such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, use less fuel, generate less dissonance, and produce fewer emissions than previous models (Boeing, 2015). Efforts are also being made to offering alternatives for tourism transportation (World Economic Forum, 2011), including increases in the number of electric cars available through rental agencies.

Transportation advances are also opening more access to the world for more people. In adjusted dollars, the price of flights per mile has fallen by well-nigh 50% in the by 30 years (Thompson, 2013), allowing more people to travel. In that location are now even new vehicles for outer space that have created opportunities for people to begin to explore "the last frontier." The cost of these flights is still prohibitively expensive for most people (approximately $20 one thousand thousand), but with continued advances in applied science, this futuristic travel could somewhen become commonplace.

Conclusion: The View from British Columbia

Figure 14.13 A prowl send leaving Vancouver harbour for Alaska

Tourism in BC is already being impacted by globalization. The doors of the province take opened to travellers around the globe, but especially from emerging markets such as China. Shifting products and services to encounter the needs and desires of these new visitors will require flexibility and creativity for BC's tourism manufacture in the hereafter.

BC has as well been impacted by the increase in new destinations, fighting for share of the growing tourism economy. Social media and other recent innovations in communication volition proceed to abound in importance for BC to generate awareness of its many tourism products and services. BC'due south many unique cultures and experiences will help go along the province competitive equally long as the manufacture likewise recognizes the potential negative impacts that tourism can have.

Recognition of tourism's importance in BC's economic system, along with supportive legislation and funding, is key to the long-term survival of the industry. At the same time, steps must exist taken to set for the effects of climate change, with potentially shorter winters and reductions in precipitation. BC's tourism industry is already feeling the effects of collaborative consumption as services such as Airbnb abound in popularity in the province. The spread of technological advances and improved wireless access will assistance the manufacture satisfy this aspect of the market place, while too increasing the ways to raise awareness with more potential visitors.

To take advantage of these global opportunities, British Columbia's tourism manufacture will have to react quickly to existing and emerging trends. In the meantime, we hope this textbook volition serve equally foundation for emerging tourism and hospitality professionals as they proceed to learn virtually the manufacture.

• Asia-Pacific Economical Cooperation (APEC): a forum that brings together countries from the Asia Pacific region (including Canada), and which has a Tourism Working Group that looks at policy development in a tourism context
• Authenticity of experience: a hot topic in tourism that started with MacCannell in 1976 and continues to today; discussion of the extent to which experiences are staged for visitors
• BRIC:an acronym for the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, Bharat, and Cathay
• BRICS: the acronym for the BRIC countries with the addition of South Africa
• Collaborative consumption:also known equally the sharing economy, a alloy of economy, engineering science, and social movement where access to goods and skills is more than important than ownership (due east.g., Airbnb)
• Conscious consumerism:refers to consumers using their purchasing power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs
• Cultural commodification: the bulldoze toward putting a monetary value on aspects of a culture
• Fad: something taken upward in a finite, short amount of time — tin can correspond a valuable business opportunity, but investment can exist risky
• Globalization: the movement of appurtenances, ideas, values, and people around the earth
• Homogenizing: making the same, as in the upshot of tourism helping to spread Western values, rendering one civilization indistinguishable from the next
• In country: a term to describe using a local-buying arroyo in order for the wealth generated from tourism to stay in a destination
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): a specialized bureau of the United Nations that creates global air policy and helps to develop industry capacity and safety
• MINTS:an acronym for the countries of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): an arrangement 31 member countries who gather to talk over a range of policy problems, with a special commission dedicated to tourism
• PEEST: an acronym for political, economic, environmental, social, and technological forces
• Tourism world-making: the way in which a place or culture is marketed and/or presented to tourists
• Tendency: a phenomenon that influences things for a long flow of time, potentially shifting the focus or direction of industry and order in a completely different management
• VFR: an acronym for visiting friends and relatives; a tourism consumer market

1. What are three benefits of globalization in terms of tourism? What are three negative impacts due to global tourism?
2. Why is it of import for a local tour operator, full general manager, or tourism business organization owner to call up about globalization? Where should we exist looking to sympathize globalization and future trends? Proper noun three sources.
3. How can you tell the deviation between a fad and a tendency?
4. Identify two current political trends past reading this week's headlines or scanning a social media news feed. What impacts do you encounter those trends having on tourism and hospitality?
5. The merits of an accurate experience is a common promise for tourism marketers. Thinking back to previous capacity (eastward.yard., Chapter 3 on accommodation, Affiliate 6 on amusement, Chapter 12 on Aboriginal tourism), proper name two ways visitors can determine whether an experience is authentic. In your own words, what is the value of actuality, if any, in a globalized world?
6. The industry has lobbied the Canadian government for policy changes that could assistance our country get a more competitive destination. Name two areas where these changes could be made.
7. Name an economic trend that is prevalent in today'southward news and media (e.g., the position of Canada'due south dollar versus the U.S. dollar). Listing the five sectors of tourism, and side by side to each, identify two impacts this economical tendency will accept on the sector. Will the effects be the same beyond the industry? Or unlike?
8. Name three ecology trends (e.g., climate change). For assistance, you can refer dorsum to Affiliate x on environmental stewardship.
9. Destinations are beginning to recognize a trend toward travel as a bonding experience for families and groups. What kinds of experiences can be adult to attract this market? Proper name three examples.
10. Thinking into the future, predict one tendency in each PEEST expanse (political, economic, environmental, social, and technological) that yous feel will accept long-lasting effects on tourism and hospitality.
11. Imagine you ain a small tourism or hospitality business. Using i future trend you identified in the previous question, and referring dorsum to Chapter 11 on adventure management and legal liability, place three means you lot could mitigate the negative impacts of this tendency.

A 2014 commodity in the The Atlantic, "The Rising of Dark Tourism," profiled the increase in travel to destinations and cities related to war, famine, affliction, or other dark cultural phenomena, often in real time.

The article primarily used examples of travel to war-torn areas of the Center East. For example, a bout that culminates at the Quneitra Viewpoint allows visitors to scout battles of the Syrian civil war in real time. Tour leaders include a retired Israel Defense Forces colonel who shared that tourists to the area "feel that they are a part of information technology. They tin can go home and tell their friends, 'I was on the edge and I saw a boxing'" (Kamin, 2014, ¶ two). Other tours travel to the Israeli border town of Sderot, an area on the Gaza Strip nether heavy rocket burn.

Co-ordinate to Philip Stone, director of the Found for Dark Tourism Research at the U.K.'south Academy of Fundamental Lancashire, while state of war tourism is not a new phenomenon, the increased commercialization has marked a new trend. Dark tourism at present has a more sophisticated infrastructure than the days when Thomas Cook took visitors to meet hangings, and the increase in technology and interpersonal communications has caused this expanse of tourism to abound at a faster rate (Kamin, 2014).

The article cites media phenomena such every bit VICE videos (online documentaries) and glory chef Anthony Bourdain's show Parts Unknown, likewise every bit the growth of the adventure tourism industry, as contributing factors. They list hyper-extreme tour operators such as War Zone Tours and Wild Frontiers (both in operation since the 1990s) every bit pioneers of the sector. More than contempo examples include former journalist Nicholas Wood, who formed Political Tours, a company that takes around a year to programme small-group excursions to political hot spots such every bit Libya, to the tune of $7,000 per guest (Kamin, 2014).

In addition to group tours, FIT (fully independent travellers) are creating their own extreme experiences, such as joining protestors in Kiev'south Independence Foursquare and visiting Tahrir Square in Egypt to witness the election of Mohammed Morsi (Kamin, 2014).

Travel to N Korea is also a growing market, doubling in size each year with betwixt half-dozen,000 and seven,000 people making the trip in 2013. Some travellers cite their visits to countries and areas such as these with motivating them toward becoming journalists and activists. Others state their experiences are therapeutic, helping them to empathise their own difficult experiences or those of others, such every bit the armed forces service of family members (Kamin, 2014). Co-ordinate to one of these tourists, "You go to the virtually extreme identify in order to not be alone with your feelings. Y'all really tin can't be anywhere else but there" (Kamin, 2014, ¶ 25).

Refer to the Establish for Dark Tourism Research (http://night-tourism.org.u.k.) and respond the following questions:

1. Would you classify this blazon of travel equally a trend, or a fad?
2. The article seems to imply that dark tourism is an extension of gamble tourism. Do yous agree? Why or why not?
3. How does the concept of authenticity of experience gene into dark tourism?
4. Imagine you are a citizen in a part of the globe that is experiencing hardship and this type of tourism is increasing in your community. How might yous experience about it?
5. Imagine you go to a famous battlefield where Canadians had fought and died, such as Vimy Ridge the Globe War I battlefield in France. What are the visitor motivations and what is the consequence of the visitor experience?
6. Would you lot allocate visits to Footing Zero in New York as dark tourism? Why or why not?
7. What are the implications for tourism operators in these areas in terms of gamble direction and legal liability?

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Attributions

Effigy xiv.1 Around the world by Arti Sandhu is used nether a CC-Past-NC 2.0 license.

Figure xiv.2Bye Floating Marketplace by Dennis Jarvis is used nether a CC-BY-SA ii.0 license.

Figure fourteen.3 Official airport opening by City of Vancouver Archives is used under a CC-Past 2.0 license.

Figure 14.iv Modest child playing around past Thomas Frost Jensen is used under a CC-BY ii.0 license.

Figure 14.5 Patriotic Kick Line by Peter Lee is used under a CC-Past-NC 2.0 license.

Figure 14.half-dozen Dancers at Germaine'due south Luau by Adam Theo is used under a CC-Past-NC two.0 license.

Figure 14.7 Maesa Elehant Campsite by Dennis Jarvis is used nether a CC-BY-SA ii.0 license.

Effigy 14.eight Secretarial assistant-full general of UNWTO visits Greece past UNWTO is used nether a CC-BY-NC-ND ii.0 license.

Figure xiv.9 Backing the Bid by Martin Deutsch is used nether a CC-By-NC-ND 2.0 license.

Figure 14.10 Concluding call by SnaPsi is used under a CC-Past-NC-ND ii.0 license.

Figure 14.11 Team BC beginning at Western Canada Summer Games past UNWTO is used nether a CC-BY-NC-ND ii.0 license.

Figure xiv.12 Arlene Foster Launches New Tourism Apps by DUP photos is used under a CC-By-NC-ND 2.0 license.

Figure xiv.13 Serenade of the Seas, bound for Alaska, sails out of the Vancouver harbour by Nathan is used nether a CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0 license.

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Source: https://opentextbc.ca/introtourism/chapter/chapter-14-back-to-the-big-picture-globalization-and-trends/

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